Protein Audio
There is no charge for the audio on this website. The audio files are being gifted to humanity. There is no copyright.
The audio files may be freely shared by everybody. Additionally, no patents for the proprietary software tools and methods have been, nor ever will be, applied.
To safeguard against nefarious use, the software creation tools and creation method cannot be provided. Please don't ask.
Proteins, peptides, DNA & RNA are the building blocks of life, consisting of chains of amino acids. Using audio to simulate or inhibit amino acid sequences is an innovative concept that involves converting the sequence and structures of these biological molecules into their own special signature sound.
Each amino acid within a peptide or protein sequence is assigned a unique tone based on its mono-isotopic mass. The sequence or "signature" of audio tones sends a propagation wave through the protein "backbone". Many health issues can be addressed through the use of these audios.
Joel Sternheimer wrote several patents describing the process. Irena Cosic et al developed an alternative method using RRM. The audio files provided here build on the findings of these scientists (and others) to bring protein synthesis and suppression to an exciting new level.
Right-click to download the audio files.
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (Inhibit)
This enzyme regulates the conversion of cortisone to its active form, cortisol, in fat tissues. High levels of cortisol in fat tissues have been associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Inhibitors of 11-beta-HSD1 have been studied for their ability to reduce visceral fat and improve insulin sensitivity.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 (Simulate)
An energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy balance and metabolism regulation within cells. This subunit is part of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) complex, which plays an essential role in cellular energy homeostasis. The beta-1 subunit functions as a scaffold to anchor the alpha and gamma subunits and can also bind glycogen, linking the AMPK activity to glycogen metabolism.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 (Simulate)
An energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy balance and metabolism regulation within cells. The gamma-1 subunit is one of the regulatory subunits of AMPK, playing a key role in the enzyme's activation and function.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 (Simulate)
An energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy balance and metabolism regulation within cells. This subunit is part of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays a significant role in cellular energy homeostasis. The gamma-2 subunit is crucial for the regulation of AMPK activity.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3 (Simulate)
An energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy balance and metabolism regulation within cells. This subunit is part of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays a significant role in cellular energy homeostasis. The AMPK gamma3 subunit is a non-catalytic subunit with a regulatory role in muscle energy metabolism.
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (serotonin 1A receptor) (Simulate)
This receptor plays a significant role in neurotransmission and is a target for various therapeutic agents, particularly in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior. Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli.
Suppressing the proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease, such as amyloid-beta (AB) and tau, has been a major focus in Alzheimer's research. Amyloid-beta accumulates to form plaques in the brain, which are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. These plaques are believed to disrupt cell communication and activate immune responses that lead to inflammation and cell death.
Provides structural support, involved in cell motility, division, and signaling.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) (Inhibit)
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) is a key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, playing critical roles in metabolism and energy homeostasis. ACC1 influences lipid metabolism, which is crucial for maintaining energy balance in cells and throughout the body. ACC1 is a target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Inhibitors of ACC1 can potentially reduce fatty acid synthesis, decrease fat storage, and improve insulin sensitivity, making them interesting candidates for the treatment of these conditions. Elevated activity of ACC1 has been observed in several types of cancer, where fatty acid synthesis is often upregulated to support rapid cell growth. Targeting ACC1 in cancer cells can potentially disrupt their lipid metabolism, impacting their proliferation and survival. Modulating ACC1 activity could help in managing dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) (Inhibit)
Simultaneous inhibition of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) isozymes ACC1 and ACC2 results in concomitant inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and may favorably affect the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.
Acyl-CoA 6-desaturase (FADS2) (Simulate)
Involved in the biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors, acting as a fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 6 of the fatty acyl chain. Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in this pathway which is the desaturation of LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3) into gamma-linoleate (GLA) (18:3n-6) and stearidonate (18:4n-3), respectively. Subsequently, in the biosynthetic pathway of HUFA n-3 series, it desaturates tetracosapentaenoate (24:5n-3) to tetracosahexaenoate (24:6n-3), which is then converted to docosahexaenoate (DHA)(22:6n-3), an important lipid for nervous system function. Desaturates hexadecanate (palmitate) to produce 6Z-hexadecenoate (sapienate), a fatty acid unique to humans and major component of human sebum, that has been implic ated in the development of acne and may have potent antibacterial activity. It can also desaturate (11E)-octadecenoate (trans-vaccenoate, the predominant trans fatty acid in human milk) at carbon 6 generating (6Z,11E)-octadecadienoate. In addition to Delta-6 activity, this enzyme exhibits Delta-8 activity with slight biases toward n-3 fatty acyl-CoA substrates.
Acyl-CoA (8-3)-desaturase (FADS1) (Simulate)
Acts as a front-end fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 5 located between a preexisting double bond and the carboxyl end of the fatty acyl chain. Involved in biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors. Specifically, desaturates dihomo-gamma-linoleoate (DGLA) (20:3n-6) and eicosatetraenoate (ETA) (20:4n-3) to generate arachidonate (AA) (20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoate (EPA) (20:5n-3), respectively (PubMed:10601301, PubMed:10769175). As a rate limiting enzyme for DGLA (20:3n-6) and AA (20:4n-6)-derived eicosanoid biosynthesis, controls the metabolism of inflammatory lipids like prostaglandin E2, critical for efficient acute inflammatory response and maintenance of epithelium homeostasis. Contributes to membrane phospholipid biosynthesis by providing AA (20:4n-6) as a major acyl ch ain esterified into phospholipids. In particular, regulates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate levels, modulating inflammatory cytokine production in T-cells. Also desaturates (11E)-octadecenoate (trans-vaccenoate)(18:1n-9), a metabolite in the biohydrogenation pathway of LA (18:2n-6). Does not exhibit any catalytic activity toward 20:3n-6, but it may enhance FADS2 activity.
Adenosine receptor A2a (Inhibit)
CBD's inhibition of adenosine reuptake leads to increased adenosine levels, which can have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. This interaction is relevant for its potential use in neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory conditions.
The AKT1 protein is a key player in the PI3KAKTmTOR signaling pathway. This pathway is crucial for regulating cell survival, growth, proliferation, and metabolism. Dysregulation of AKT signaling is associated with various cancers and other diseases.
Alanine aminotransferase 1 (Simulate)
Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. Participates in cellular nitrogen metabolism and also in liver gluconeogenesis starting with precursors transported from skeletal muscles. Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy.
Alanine aminotransferase 2 (or Glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2)) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 is a gene that encodes a mitochondrial alanine transaminase, a pyridoxal enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to generate pyruvate and glutamate. Alanine transaminases play roles in gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism in many tissues including skeletal muscle, kidney, and liver. Activating transcription factor 4 upregulates this gene under metabolic stress conditions in hepatocyte cell lines. A loss of function mutation in this gene has been associated with developmental encephalopathy.
Maintains osmotic pressure in the blood and serves as a carrier for various substances including hormones, vitamins, and drugs.
ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase) (Inhibit)
Neuronal receptor tyrosine kinase that is essentially and transiently expressed in specific regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems and plays an important role in the genesis and differentiation of the nervous system. Also acts as a key thinness protein involved in the resistance to weight gain: in hypothalamic neurons, controls energy expenditure acting as a negative regulator of white adipose tissue lipolysis and sympathetic tone to fine-tune energy homeostasis.
Alliin lyase 2 (Allium sativum) (Simulate)
Able to cleave the C-S bond of sulfoxide derivatives of Cys to produce allicin, thus giving rise to all sulfur compounds which are responsible for most of the properties of garlic, such as the specific smell and flavor as well as the health benefits like blood lipid or blood pressure lowering.
Alpha-4-beta-7 integrin (Inhibit)
Facilitates the movement of white blood cells into inflamed tissues. Inhibiting reduces gut inflammation selectively. Implicated in Crohn's disease.
Alpha-Synuclein (SNCA) (Inhibit)
Parkinson's Disease. Involved in synaptic vesicle regulation aggregation leads to Lewy body formation and neuronal death.
Amylin (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide, IAPP) (Simulate)
Amylin (IAPP) is co-secreted with insulin and plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism and satiety. Both NPY and Amylin have potential roles in obesity and diabetes management.
Angiotensin 2 receptor type 1 (AGTR1) (Inhibit)
May be helpful following covid vaccination.
Angiotensin 2 receptor type 2 (AGTR2) (Simulate)
May be helpful following covid vaccination.
AR is a nuclear hormone receptor that plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics and prostate cancer progression. AR signaling is essential for prostate cancer cell growth, and therapies often target androgen deprivation to inhibit AR activity.
Antibodies (Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1) (Simulate)
Crucial components of the immune system, responsible for identifying and neutralizing pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) (Simulate)
Tumor suppressor. Promotes rapid degradation of CTNNB1 and participates in Wnt signaling as a negative regulator. APC activity is correlated with its phosphorylation state. Activates the GEF activity of SPATA13 and ARHGEF4. Plays a role in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced cell migration. Required for MMP9 up-regulation via the JNK signaling pathway in colorectal tumor cells. Associates with both microtubules and actin filaments, components of the cytoskeleton.
APOE (Apolipoprotein E) (Inhibit)
Alzheimer's Disease. Involved in lipid metabolism - the APOE4 allele increases the risk of Alzheimer's.
Inhibiting Arginase-1 activity can restore L-arginine levels, thereby enhancing the function of immune cells such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. This can improve the anti-tumor immune response. Arginase-1 inhibitors can be used in combination with other therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, to boost their efficacy. Cancer cells often have altered metabolism, and targeting metabolic enzymes like Arginase-1 can disrupt the metabolic adaptations that tumors use to survive and grow. The expression levels of Arginase-1 in tumors and immune cells can serve as a biomarker for prognosis and the effectiveness of certain therapies. High levels of Arginase-1 are often associated with poorer outcomes due to its role in immune suppression.
Argininosuccinate synthase (Simulate)
One of the enzymes of the urea cycle, the metabolic pathway transforming neurotoxic amonia produced by protein catabolism into inocuous urea in the liver of ureotelic animals. Catalyzes the formation of arginosuccinate from aspartate, citrulline and ATP and together with ASL it is responsible for the biosynthesis of arginine in most body tissues.
Anti-aromatases (or aromatase inhibitors) are drugs that compete with aromatase, an enzyme that enables the body to continue producing estrogens by transforming androgens in post-menopausal women. Between puberty and the menopause, estrogen is largely produced by the ovaries. After menopause, the ovaries stop producing estrogen, but the body continues to make a small amount through hormones called androgens, which are produced by the adrenal glands (small glands above the kidneys). Androgens are converted into estrogens by an enzyme called aromatase. This aromatase is present in a number of body cells, including adipose cells (fat cells). Anti-aromatases prevent the action of aromatase, i.e. androgens are no longer converted into estrogens (estrogens which play a role in the growth of certain cancer cells). The estrogens have disappeared, and can therefore no longer bind to the receptors of the hormone-sensitive tumour cell to stimulate its growth. As a result, tumor cell growth is halted.
Pro-apoptotic protein critical for inducing cell death under stress.
BAX promotes apoptosis in response to cellular stress.
Bcl-2 is a key regulator of apoptosis (programmed cell death) and plays a crucial role in the survival of many cell types, including cancer cells. Overexpression of Bcl-2 is often associated with resistance to apoptosis and is a hallmark of many types of cancer.
Beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) (Simulate)
Disease Alzheimer's Disease. Cleavage of APP leads to the formation of beta-amyloid plaques, which are associated with neurodegeneration.
BPC-157's function is to help with the body's regenerative process, which aids your cells in restoring the body by increasing the body's cellular production cycle. These benefits are most evident in injuries that result in muscle or tendon tears. Treats gastric ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, tendon injuries, ligament injuries, joint pain and erectile dysfunction. Also promotes wound healing, speeds up tissue regeneration, reduces inflammation, increases blood flow, relieves joint pain, boosts immune function, and improves muscle strength and endurance.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (Simulate)
Protein produced inside your nerve cells to help your brain to communicate and function properly. Important signaling molecule that activates signaling cascades downstream of NTRK2 (PubMed:11152678). During development, promotes the survival and differentiation of selected neuronal populations of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Participates in axonal growth, pathfinding and in the modulation of dendritic growth and morphology. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the CNS. The versatility of BDNF is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), certain forms of short-term synaptic plasticity, as well as homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32 (Simulate)
Cardiac hormone that plays a key role in mediating cardio-renal homeostasis. May also function as a paracrine antifibrotic factor in the heart. Acts by specifically binding and stimulating NPR1 to produce cGMP, which in turn activates effector proteins that drive various biological responses. Involved in regulating the extracellular fluid volume and maintaining the fluid-electrolyte balance through natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. Binds the clearance receptor NPR3. May affect cardio-renal homeostasis. Plasma levels of natriuretic peptides B, brain natriuretic peptide 32 and NT-proBNP are widely used for screening and diagnosis of heart failure (HF), as these markers are typically higher in patients with severe HF.
Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) (Simulate)
This kinase is involved in the regulation of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, which is crucial for the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids like leucine, isoleucine, and valine. May be helpful for autism.
BRCA1 helps repair DNA breaks and is linked to breast and ovarian cancer risks.
BRCA2, like BRCA1, also plays a significant role in DNA repair.
Derived from the fruit of pineapples. Often considered milder compared to stem bromelain. Its activity can also be influenced more by the pH and the presence of inhibitors. Often used in the culinary industry, particularly for meat tenderizing, due to its ability to break down proteins. It's also used in cosmetics and as a dietary supplement.
Derived from the stems of pineapples. Stem bromelain generally has a broader range of components and may contain more peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and protease inhibitors. Typically used for its strong proteolytic (protein-digesting) and milk-clotting abilities. It is effective over a wide range of pH levels, making it versatile in various industrial applications. More commonly used in the medical and supplemental fields due to its therapeutic properties. It has been studied for use in various health conditions, including inflammation, digestion, and wound healing.
Bromelain, Papain, Lysozyme and Serratiopeptidase (Simulate)
Enzymes can play a role in the natural defense against viruses, highlighting the potential of natural substances in antiviral strategies. They have the ability to break down bacterial cell walls and are thought to have antiviral effects by disrupting viral envelopes. They also have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) (Simulate)
Involved in the urea cycle of ureotelic animals where the enzyme plays an important role in removing excess ammonia from the cell.
Caspases are crucial for programmed cell death.
Research suggests that premature bleaching of hair and body hair may be linked to reduced levels of catalase. [1] Without this enzyme, hydrogen peroxide can build up, interfering with melanin, the pigment responsible for hair and body hair color. Hydrogen peroxide gradually destroys melanin, leading to depigmentation of hair[2]. To counter this phenomenon, several researchers have studied the effect of catalase supplementation. An increase in this enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, reducing its destructive impact on melanin[3]. The activity of catalase is not limited to hair pigmentation. By breaking down hydrogen peroxide, this enzyme plays a part in protecting cells against oxidative damage. Although no claims have been made, some studies also suggest that catalase may protect and strengthen certain vital organs, such as the heart, by limiting the harmful effects of hydrogen peroxide.
The CD47 protein serves as a 'don't eat me' signal to ward off cancer-gobbling immune cells called macrophages. Nearly all human cancers express high levels of CD47 on their surfaces.
CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) (Simulate)
Cystic Fibrosis. Regulates ion transport across epithelial cells, mutations lead to thick mucus buildup in lungs and other organs.
Coenzyme Q-binding protein COQ10 homolog B (Simulate)
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Coenzyme Q-binding protein COQ10 homolog A (Simulate)
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Type 1 collagen is by far the most abundant protein in all vertebrates. It assembles into fibers that form the structural and mechanical scaffold (matrix) of bone, skin, tendons, cornea, blood vessel walls and other connective tissues.
Copper tri-peptide (GHK-Cu) (Simulate)
In humans, GHK-Cu is proposed to promote wound healing, attraction of immune cells, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, stimulation of collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in skin fibroblasts and promotion of blood vessels growth. Recent studies revealed its ability to modulate expression of a large number of human genes, generally reversing gene expression to a healthier state. Binds to copper and modulates copper intake into cells.
Involved in the electron transport chain and energy production in mitochondria.
Cytochrome P450 21A2 (CYP21A2) (Simulate)
Involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and plays a critical role in the conversion of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone into their respective 21-hydroxylated products.
Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon attraction of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding. Its association with UNC5 proteins may trigger signaling for axon repulsion. It also acts as a dependence receptor required for apoptosis induction when not associated with netrin ligand. Implicated as a tumor suppressor gene.
Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) (Simulate)
Primarily believed to be involved in sleep regulation due to its apparent ability to induce slow-wave sleep in rabbits. Can act as a stress limiting factor. May have a direct or indirect effect on body temperature and alleviating hypothermia. Can normalize blood pressure and myocardial contraction. It may have antioxidant effects. It has been found to have anticarcinogenic properties.
In the event of a large quantity of histamine in the body, generated in excess and due to a lack of elimination following a failure of histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) and diamine oxidase (DAO), the subject may suffer serious problems relating to their general health and well-being. In this context, the person is said to have histamine intolerance. This intolerance is generally caused by a failure of diamine oxidase (DAO). This failure is manifested by low production of DAO. When the body is unable to generate sufficient DAO, histamine takes a very long time to break down. Yet it is still produced by the body and often ingested through food. This results in overproduction versus low-density elimination. The increase in histamine in the body is often the result of a DAO deficiency. The symptoms are 'allergic-like'. The symptoms of histaminosis are responsible for arrhythmia, diarrhoea, urticaria, redness, itching, low blood pressure, blocked nose and asthma, redness of the eyes, runny nose, migraine, dizziness, sleep disorders, headaches, vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, eczema, muscle pain, osteoporosis, anaphylaxis, asthma and other symptoms. This failure manifests itself as low production of DAO. When the body is unable to generate enough DAO, it takes a very long time to break down histamine. Yet it is still produced by the body and often ingested through food. This results in overproduction versus low-density elimination. The increase in histamine in the body is often the result of a DAO deficiency.
Dystrophin (Dp427m) (Simulate)
Muscular isoform of dystrophin which is predominantly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It is the longest and most well-studied isoform of the dystrophin protein, playing a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of muscle cells by linking the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in the gene encoding this isoform are commonly associated with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies.
EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) (Inhibit)
Though less commonly overexpressed in breast cancer compared to HER2, EGFR activation can also contribute to tumor growth and progression.
Endophilin-A3 (also known as endo-a3 and SH3GL3) (Simulate)
SH3GL3 facts as a potent tumor suppressor in lung cancer progression.. Overexpression of SH3GL3 dramatically inhibits lung cancer cells malignancy behaviors, including proliferation and migration. Additionally, SH3GL3 curbs cell cycle at G0G1 phase and induces cellular apoptosis of lung cancer cells and inhibits lung cancer stem cell self-renewal dependents on its SH3 domain. SH3GL3 inhibits lung cancer progression partially through p21 and up-regulates p21 in transcriptional level.
Enzymes (DNA Polymerase) (Simulate)
DNA replication and repair, crucial for cell division and genetic information maintenance.
ERG is a transcription factor frequently involved in gene fusions (e.g., TMPRSS2-ERG) found in prostate cancer, leading to its overexpression. ERG gene fusions are considered a driver of prostate cancer development and are used as biomarkers.
Estrogen Receptor (ER) Alpha (Inhibit)
ER is critical in many breast cancers, promoting growth through the activation of various signaling pathways that lead to increased cell proliferation.
Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) (Inhibit)
FAS is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Inhibiting FAS can reduce the synthesis of new fatty acids, potentially reducing fat accumulation. Experimental inhibitors of FAS have shown potential in reducing body weight and improving metabolic profiles in animal models.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) (Simulate)
FGF21 is known for its role in metabolic regulation, including effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and it has therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
PSMA is a cell surface protein overexpressed in prostate cancer cells, used as a target for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic agents.
Forkhead Box O3 (FOXO3) (Simulate)
Forkhead Box O3 (FOXO3) is expressed in both inner and outer hair cells. FOXO3 is a transcription factora type of protein that plays a role in gene regulation. Upon noise exposure, FOXO3 travels into the hair cell nucleus, suggesting it might play a role in the protective response to noise-induced damage.
GAD65 (Glutamate Decarboxylase 65) (Inhibit)
Autoantigen, triggers autoimmune response.
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) (Simulate)
GIP is a hormone that plays a significant role in glucose metabolism by stimulating insulin secretion in response to food intake. It is produced by K-cells in the duodenum and small intestine. GIP is thought to improve how the body breaks down sugar. Simulating GIP can result in weight loss.
Can be used to treat and prevent dozens of age-related diseases and slow down the aging process. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56566478 (3:00).
Plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. Glucagon is a key blood-sugar-regulating hormone that can mimic the effects of exercise. As such, it can assist weight-loss.
GLUT4 (Glucose Transporter Type 4) (Simulate)
Essential for glucose uptake, reduced function contributes to disease.
Glutathione synthetase (Human) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the production of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in an ATP-dependent manner. Glutathione (gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol in living aerobic cells and is required for numerous processes including the protection of cells against oxidative damage, amino acid transport, the detoxification of foreign compounds, the maintenance of protein sulfhydryl groups in a reduced state and acts as a cofactor for a number of enzymes.
Liver-produced hormone that constitutes the main circulating regulator of iron absorption and distribution across tissues. Acts by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin/SLC40A1, leading to the retention of iron in iron-exporting cells and decreased flow of iron into plasma. Controls the major flows of iron into plasma: absorption of dietary iron in the intestine, recycling of iron by macrophages, which phagocytose old erythrocytes and other cells, and mobilization of stored iron from hepatocytes. Has strong antimicrobial activity against E.coli ML35P N.cinerea and weaker against S.epidermidis, S.aureus and group b streptococcus bacteria. Active against the fungus C.albicans. No activity against P.aeruginosa.
HER2 neu (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) (Inhibit)
HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and is overexpressed in about 20 of breast cancers, leading to increased cell growth and survival.
Histamine H1 Receptor (Inhibit)
When histamine is released from mast cells, it binds to H1 receptors, causing allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, swelling, tearing, and difficulty breathing.
Histamine H2 receptor (Inhibit)
The H2 subclass of histamine receptors mediates gastric acid secretion. Also appears to regulate gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion. Possible role in regulating cell growth and differentiation. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase and, through a separate G protein-dependent mechanism, the phosphoinositide/protein kinase (PKC) signaling pathway. Antagonists for this receptor have proven to be effective therapy for acid peptic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Certain antagonists are used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease.
Histamine H3 receptor (Inhibit)
The H3 subclass of histamine receptors could mediate the histamine signals in CNS and peripheral nervous system. Signals through the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and displays high constitutive activity (spontaneous activity in the absence of agonist). Agonist stimulation of isoform 3 neither modified adenylate cyclase activity nor induced intracellular calcium mobilization. May be helpful for Mesnieres Diseases and Tinnitus.
HTT (Huntingtin Protein) (Simulate)
Huntington's Disease. Involved in neuronal function mutant HTT leads to neurodegenerative symptoms.
Human lysozyme (also known as lysozyme C) (Simulate)
The most significant uses of lysozyme in health supplements derives from its unique properties. Additional benefits include bladder health support, healthy inflammation management and support for wound repair.
IA-2 (Islet Antigen-2) (Inhibit)
Autoantigen, triggers autoimmune response
IKBA (an NF-kB inhibitor) (Simulate)
Inhibiting NF-kB can reduce inflammation and cancer risk.
Anti-inflammatory antagonist of interleukin-1 family of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta/IL1B and interleukin-1alpha/IL1A. Protects from immune dysregulation and uncontrolled systemic inflammation triggered by IL1 for a range of innate stimulatory agents such as pathogens.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein isoform 2 (IL1RA-2), is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). It is a variant of the IL1RA gene, which encodes two major isoforms: IL1RA-1 (P18510-1) and IL1RA-2 (P18510-2). Functions of IL1RA-2: 1. Inhibition of IL-1 signaling: IL1RA-2 binds to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) without activating downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1. 2. Anti-inflammatory effects: IL1RA-2 has been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. 3. Cellular protection: IL1RA-2 may protect cells from IL-1-induced damage and apoptosis.
interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein isoform 3 (IL1RA-3), is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). It is a variant of the IL1RA gene, which encodes three major isoforms: IL1RA-1 (P18510-1), IL1RA-2 (P18510-2), and IL1RA-3 (P18510-3). Functions of IL1RA-3 (P18510-3): 1. Inhibition of IL-1 signaling: IL1RA-3 binds to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) without activating downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1. 2. Anti-inflammatory effects: IL1RA-3 has been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. 3. Cellular protection: IL1RA-4 may protect cells from IL-1-induced damage and apoptosis.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein isoform 4 (IL1RA-4), is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). It is a variant of the IL1RA gene, which encodes four major isoforms: IL1RA-1 (P18510-1), IL1RA-2 (P18510-2), IL1RA-3 (P18510-3), and IL1RA-4 (P18510-4). Functions of IL1RA-4 (P18510-4): 1. Inhibition of IL-1 signaling: IL1RA-4 binds to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) without activating downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1. 2. Anti-inflammatory effects: IL1RA-4 has been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. 3. Cellular protection: IL1RA-4 may protect cells from IL-1-induced damage and apoptosis.
Cytokine pro-inflammatory in lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
Essential for insulin action, resistance contributes to disease.
Interleukin-12 (IL12B) (Inhibit)
Cytokine involved in immune and inflammatory responses. By inhibiting the pathways, it can reduce inflammation and the immune response that contributes to Crohn's disease.
Interleukin-23 (IL23A) (Inhibit)
Cytokine involved in immune and inflammatory responses. By inhibiting the pathways, it can reduce inflammation and the immune response that contributes to Crohn's disease.
Facilitate the movement of white blood cells into inflamed tissues, affecting migration to both the gut and brain. Implicated in Crohn's disease.
Enzyme that plays a critical role in the signaling of several cytokines. Inhibiting JAK can interfere with the cytokine signaling pathway that leads to inflammation.
Ki-67 is a nuclear protein associated with cellular proliferation, commonly used as a marker to assess the growth fraction of cells in prostate cancer. High levels of Ki-67 are indicative of aggressive tumor growth and poor prognosis.
PSA is a serine protease produced by the prostate gland, commonly used as a biomarker for prostate cancer screening.
Klotho alpha (Klotho) (Simulate)
This protein is crucial for its roles in aging, phosphate metabolism, and as a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23).
Klotho beta protein (beta-Klotho) (Simulate)
Beta-Klotho is involved in various biological processes and acts as a coreceptor for endocrine FGFs (fibroblast growth factors), playing a significant role in the regulation of metabolism and other physiological functions.
Plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation. Plays a role in promoting oncogenic events by inducing transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in a ZNF304-dependent manner.
Major iron-binding and multifunctional protein found in exocrine fluids such as breast milk and mucosal secretions. Has antimicrobial activity, which depends on the extracellular cation concentration. Antimicrobial properties include bacteriostasis, which is related to its ability to sequester free iron and thus inhibit microbial growth, as well as direct bactericidal properties leading to the release of lipopolysaccharides from the bacterial outer membrane. Can also prevent bacterial biofilm development in P.aeruginosa infection. Has weak antifungal activity against C.albicans. Has anabolic, differentiating and anti-apoptotic effects on osteoblasts and can also inhibit osteoclastogenesis, possibly playing a role in the regulation of bone growth. Promotes binding of species C adenoviruses to epithelial cells, promoting adenovirus infection. Can inhibit papillomavirus infections. Stimulates the TLR4 signaling pathway leading to NF-kappa-B activation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production while also interfering with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TLR4 signaling. Inhibits neutrophil granulocyte migration to sites of apoptosis, when secreted by apoptotic cells. Stimulates VEGFA-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Binds heparin, chondroitin sulfate and possibly other glycosaminoglycans. Also binds specifically to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), the lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lysozyme and DNA.
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components.
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. Involved in the organization of the laminar architecture of cerebral cortex. It is probably required for the integrity of the basement membrane/glia limitans that serves as an anchor point for the endfeet of radial glial cells and as a physical barrier to migrating neurons. Radial glial cells play a central role in cerebral cortical development, where they act both as the proliferative unit of the cerebral cortex and a scaffold for neurons migrating toward the pial surface.
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P11047/entry
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. Ladsin exerts cell-scattering activity toward a wide variety of cells, including epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblastic cells. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q13753/entry
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9Y6N6/entry
Livagen Peptide (Experimental) (Simulate)
Livagen is thought to help support and regulate the immune system. It may enhance the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases, especially in elderly individuals or those with compromised immune systems. Livagen is often promoted for its potential anti-aging effects. It is believed to help in maintaining the function of organs and tissues, potentially slowing down the aging process. This is based on the idea that it can help restore the function of cells that have been damaged by age-related processes. Some studies suggest that Livagen may have an effect on gene expression, particularly genes involved in aging and cellular repair. By influencing these genes, Livagen might help improve cellular health and longevity. There is some evidence to suggest that Livagen might support cardiovascular health by promoting the proper function of the heart and blood vessels. This could be beneficial in reducing the risk of heart-related issues, especially as one ages. Users of Livagen sometimes report improvements in overall well-being, including increased energy levels, better sleep, and improved mental clarity. These effects are likely related to its general impact on cellular health and immune function. Livagen might be used to support recovery after surgery, illness, or other stressors that weaken the body. Its potential to enhance cellular repair and immune function could make it beneficial in these contexts.
Lumbrokinase (Q95V22) (Simulate)
Lumbrokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme found in the earthworm Lumbricus bimastus. Lumbrokinase has been studied for its antithrombotic properties and its ability to improve microcirculation in diabetic patients.
Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) (Simulate)
an enzyme that cross-links collagen and elastin, which are both crucial for the structural integrity and repair of connective tissue. Enhancing the activity of this enzyme could theoretically improve tissue strength and resilience.
Mazdutide is primarily being investigated for its potential in promoting significant and sustained weight loss by reducing appetite and increasing energy expenditure. Due to its role in improving glucose metabolism, Mazdutide may also have applications in managing type 2 diabetes, as it can help regulate blood sugar levels.
This is a very important substance. There is a strong indication that the lack of this substance in the hypothalamus is a major cause of AD, Dementia and Parkinson's. May be involved in DNA repair.
Methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET2) (Simulate)
RNA plays a significant role in how DNA is packaged and stored in your cells, via a gene known as TET2. Many cancers and other disorders involve TET2-related mutations.
Mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c) (Simulate)
Regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. Inhibits the folate cycle, thereby reducing de novo purine biosynthesis which leads to the activation of the metabolic regulator 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Increases mitochondrial respiration and levels of CPT1A and cytokines IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TNF in senescent cells.
MLH1 works in conjunction with MSH2 to correct DNA replication errors.
Part of the DNA mismatch repair pathway.
mTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin) (Inhibit)
mTOR is a key kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation, and survival. mTOR inhibitors like everolimus are used in combination with hormone therapy in certain types of breast cancer.
Myc proto-oncogene protein (Inhibit)
Myc is encoded by a type of gene known as an oncogene. Oncogenes normally perform vital cellular functions, but when mutated or expressed incorrectly they become powerful cancer promoters. The Myc oncogene is mutated or misregulated in over half of all human cancers. Blocking the expression of the Myc gene causes the complete regression of tumors in animals.
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Inhibit)
MPO plays a role in innate microbial defenses by catalyzing the formation of powerful reactive oxygen intermediates, which are potent antimicrobial tools against phagocytosed pathogens. MPO is considered an important part of the innate immune system's microbicidal arm and is secreted by neutrophils and macrophages. Interestingly, this enzyme has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis. MPO is ubiquitous in atherosclerotic lesions and contributes to the initiation and progression of the disease primarily by oxidizing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles.
Motor protein involved in muscle contraction and movement within cells.
Also known as growth differentiation factor 8, myostatin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSTN gene Myostatin is a myokine that is produced and released by myocytes and acts to down-regulate muscle growth. Animals either lacking myostatin or treated with substances that block the activity of myostatin have significantly more muscle mass.
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 (Simulate)
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
NANOG Homeobox protein (Simulate)
transcription factor that plays a crucial role in maintaining the pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. NANOG is critical in maintaining the pluripotent state of cells within the inner cell mass of the embryo, which can differentiate into any cell type of the body. It works in conjunction with other transcription factors, such as OCT4 and SOX2, forming a regulatory network that keeps cells in an undifferentiated state. Understanding and manipulating NANOG's function can have implications for regenerative medicine, including tissue repair and the generation of cells and tissues for transplantation. Aberrant expression of NANOG has been observed in various cancers, where it is thought to contribute to tumor progression and resistance to therapy by promoting characteristics associated with stem cells, such as rapid growth and resistance to cell death. High levels of NANOG in tumors are often linked to poor prognosis, as it can promote the proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells.
Neurofibromin (NF1) (Simulate)
Neurofibromin 1 is a tumor suppressor protein that is involved in regulating cell growth and signaling pathways. Mutations in the NF1 gene are associated with neurofibromatosis type 1, a genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing various types of tumors.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) (Inhibit)
NPY is a peptide that stimulates food intake and decreases energy expenditure when activated in the brain. It is involved in regulating appetite and energy balance. Inhibiting NPY receptors could reduce appetite and potentially lead to weight loss.
Neuropeptide Y is defined as one of the most abundant mammalian neuropeptides that acts as a sympathetic co-transmitter, co-localized and released with noradrenaline. It plays a significant role in stress-related cardiovascular disorders and exerts cardiovascular effects through Y1 and Y2 receptors. Found in the central and peripheral nervous systems, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid protein that influences neuroendocrine function and behavioral events such as eating and satiety. Immunoreactive NPY and binding sites for NPY have been found in the term human placenta. NPY receptors and their endogenous ligands are involved in the control of appetite, inhibition of anxiety in the CNS, presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release in the CNS and periphery, the modulation of circadian rhythm, and pain transmission. N. B; '-NH2' has been omitted from the end.
Nisin (Lantibiotic nisin-A) (Simulate)
Lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotic (lantibiotic) active on Gram-positive bacteria. The bactericidal activity of lantibiotics is based on depolarization of energized bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, initiated by the formation of aqueous transmembrane pores. Nisin is primarily used as a food preservative due to its ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria in a variety of food products. It is effective against Gram-positive bacteria and is commonly added to processed cheese, canned foods, meats, and dairy products to extend shelf life and reduce the need for harsher chemical preservatives.
Nuclear pore glycoprotein p62 (Sequestosome-1 or SQSTM1) (Inhibit)
p62 has a ubiquitin binding domain, which can associate with ubiquitin-modified proteins and shuttle them to the autophagosomal or proteasomal pathways for degradation. In the case of neurodegenerative conditions, mutations or post-translational alterations lead to protein misfolding. When these misfolded proteins evade degradation, they are then processed into small-misfolded oligomers, at which point they become toxic to the neuronal environment. Examples of these include a-synuclein, -amyloid, and poly-Qproteins, oligomers known for their pathological roles in Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and Huntingtons diseases, respectively. The toxic oligomeric aggregates are primarily cleared via macroautophagy. Therefore, one of the attractive therapeutic strategies to treat proteinopathies, including those found in neurodegenerative diseases, is to induce the removal of toxic oligomeric molecules by promoting macroautophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).
Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) (Simulate)
Key enzyme in the urea cycle involved in the detoxification of ammonia in the liver. Catalyzes the second step of the urea cycle, the condensation of carbamoyl phosphate with L-ornithine to form L-citrulline (PubMed:2556444, PubMed:6372096, PubMed:8112735). The urea cycle ensures the detoxification of ammonia by converting it to urea for excretion.
p21 is a crucial tumor suppressor gene. Also known as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), it plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle.
Papain (PAPA1_CARPA) (Simulate)
Papain is a proteolytic enzyme derived from the papaya fruit. It has several health benefits, particularly in aiding digestion by breaking down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, which improves nutrient absorption. Additionally, papain has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce swelling and pain associated with inflammation. It's also being researched for its potential anti-parasitic effects, where it might disrupt the life cycles of certain parasites by degrading their protein structures.
Parkinson's Disease. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria mutations can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
PD-L1 (also known as CD274 or B7-H1) (Inhibit)
Human Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), also known as CD274 or B7-H1PD-L1 serves as a 'don't eat me' signal to ward off cancer-gobbling immune cells called macrophages, allowing cancer to grow unchallenged by our immune system.
Removal of H2O2, oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress.
In transgenic mice a synthetic peptide, PHDP5, inhibited a pathway that leads to tau build-up and reversed memory and learning deficits. The study is published in Brain Research. Using a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, this study sheds some light on a novel potential treatment pathway. 26 June 2024 The results achieved in the trials are very positive. The amino acid sequence comes from Dynamin-1 (Human) which is one of the major causes of Dementia and Alzheimers. This peptide - amino acids 560-571 in the Dynamin sequence - is a potent inhibitor of Dynamin.
PI3K catalytic subunit p110 (Inhibit)
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival, and intracellular trafficking. There are several isoforms of PI3K, but the most studied isoform in the context of cancer and cellular signaling is the catalytic subunit p110a, encoded by the PIK3CA gene.
Plasmin is a serine protease involved in the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots, a process known as fibrinolysis.
Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) (Simulate)
For years, scientists have known that the anti-aging hormone klotho, infusions of young blood, and exercise each improve brain function in older mice. But they didnt know why. Now, two UC San Francisco research teams and a team from the University of Queensland (Australia) have identified platelet factor 4 (PF4) a small protein released by blood platelets as a common denominator behind all three. Platelets are blood cells that normally release PF4 to alert the immune system and clot blood at wounds. The researchers found that PF4 also rejuvenates the old brain and boosts the young brain, potentially opening the door to new therapies that aim to restore brain function, if not tap into a fountain of youth.
Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) (Simulate)
PRG4 is involved in lubrication and protection of mucosal surfaces. Since it is found to be altered in Sjogren's patients, the focus would likely be on restoring or enhancing its function rather than inhibiting it. Enhancing PRG4 levels could improve symptoms related to dryness.
PPARG (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma) (Simulate)
CBD activates PPAR receptors, which play a role in the regulation of lipid uptake, insulin sensitivity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Activation of PPAR by CBD may have implications for the treatment of metabolic disorders and inflammation.
Progerin, the protein responsible for the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), is a partially deleted form of nuclear lamin A, and its expression has been suggested as a cause for dysfunctional nuclear membrane and premature senescence.
Progesterone Receptor (PR) (Inhibit)
Similar to ER, PR influences the growth of breast cancer cells by interacting with specific DNA regions to activate growth-promoting genes.
Proprotein Convertase SubtilisinKexin Type 9 (PCSK9) (Inhibit)
PCSK9 is involved in cholesterol homeostasis. It binds to LDL receptors and targets them for degradation, thus controlling the levels of LDL cholesterol. PCSK9 is a key therapeutic target in cholesterol management, with inhibitors being used to treat hypercholesterolemia.
PTEN-L is the long version of PTEN, one of the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in cancer. Loss or variation in PTEN gene/protein levels is commonly observed in a broad spectrum of human cancers, while germline PTEN mutations cause inherited syndromes that lead to increased risk of tumors.
AMACR is an enzyme involved in fatty acid metabolism, frequently overexpressed in prostate cancer. Used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, particularly in biopsy samples.
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) (Simulate)
Rb regulates the cell cycle and prevents excessive cell growth.
RS-17 has been shown to be a potent antagonist of CD47. Experimental results have shown it to be considerably more effective that B6H12. Use of the polypeptide RS-17 of claim 1 having anti-CD47 immune checkpoint antagonist activity for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer; the cancer is epithelial tissue cancer, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lung cancer, peritoneal cancer, hepatocarcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (Simulate)
Controls the night/day rhythm of melatonin production in the pineal gland. Catalyzes the N-acetylation of serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, the penultimate step in the synthesis of melatonin.
This enzyme, isolated from a Serratia strain presents in the gut of silkworms, is used as a food supplement because it is reported to induce fibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory and anti-edemic (prevents swelling and fluid retention) activity in a number of tissues.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (Inhibit)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus involved in Covid 19 disease. Attaches the virion to the cell membrane by interacting with host receptor, initiating the infection. The major receptor is host ACE2
Smad proteins can suppress tumor formation.
Somatotropin aka. Human Growth Hormone (Simulate)
Plays an important role in growth control. Its major role in stimulating body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete IGF-1. It stimulates both the differentiation and proliferation of myoblasts. It also stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle and other tissues.
Main component of the anti-COVID19 vaccines BNT162b2/Pfizer-Biontech and mRNA-1273/Moderna; in which the mutations of Lys-986 (K986P) and Val-987 (V987P) have been added to stabilize the protein in the prefusion state. Main component of the anti-COVID19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S/Janssen Pharmaceutical; in which the mutations Arg-682 (R682S), Arg-685 (R685G), Lys-986 (K986P) and Val-987 (V987P) have been added to stabilize the protein in the prefusion state. Main component of the anti-COVID vaccine Chadox1/AZD1222/AstraZeneca; in which the human tPA leader sequence is added in N-terminus to enhance protein secretion.
Subtilisin (Nattokinase) (Simulate)
Nattokinase is serine protease of the subtilisin family. When in contact with human blood or blood clots, it exhibits a strong fibrinolytic activity and works by inactivating plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.
Superoxidase dismutase SOD 1 (Simulate)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme produced by the cells of living organisms, animals and plants. Its function is to trap free radicals produced by metabolism. Superoxide dismutase is a powerful antioxidant. Three forms of SOD coexist in humans. There are two types of CuZn-SOD. The first type (SOD1) is a dimeric protein found in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial intermembrane space. The second type of CuZn-SOD (SOD3) is a tetrameric extracellular tetrameric protein. This protein has the ability to bind to the surface of cell membranes or in type I collagen, protecting cells from exogenous oxidative stress. Mn-SOD (SOD2) is located in the mitochondrial matrix, but also on the inner wall of mitochondriamitochondria, protecting them from oxidative stress generated by the entire chain involved in cellular respiration. The genes corresponding to SOD1-3 are located on chromosomes 21, 6 and 4 respectively.
Superoxidase dismutase SOD 2 (Simulate)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme produced by the cells of living organisms, animals and plants. Its function is to trap free radicals produced by metabolism. Superoxide dismutase is a powerful antioxidant. Three forms of SOD coexist in humans. There are two types of CuZn-SOD. The first type (SOD1) is a dimeric protein found in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial intermembrane space. The second type of CuZn-SOD (SOD3) is a tetrameric extracellular tetrameric protein. This protein has the ability to bind to the surface of cell membranes or in type I collagen, protecting cells from exogenous oxidative stress. Mn-SOD (SOD2) is located in the mitochondrial matrix, but also on the inner wall of mitochondriamitochondria, protecting them from oxidative stress generated by the entire chain involved in cellular respiration. The genes corresponding to SOD1-3 are located on chromosomes 21, 6 and 4 respectively.
Superoxidase dismutase SOD 3 (Simulate)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme produced by the cells of living organisms, animals and plants. Its function is to trap free radicals produced by metabolism. Superoxide dismutase is a powerful antioxidant. Three forms of SOD coexist in humans. There are two types of CuZn-SOD.The first type (SOD1) is a dimeric protein found in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial intermembrane space. The second type of CuZn-SOD (SOD3) is a tetrameric extracellulartetrameric protein. This protein has the ability to bind to the surface of cell membranes or in type I collagen, protecting cells from exogenous oxidative stress. Mn-SOD (SOD2) is located in the mitochondrial matrix, but also on the inner wall of mitochondriamitochondria, protecting them from oxidative stress generated by the entire chain involved in cellular respiration. The genes corresponding to SOD1-3 are located on chromosomes 21, 6 and 4 respectively.
Probably involved in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination particularly in the periventricular areas of the brain. It leads to physical and cognitive disabilities. Viral particles or intracellular RNA of HERV-W family members have been detected in tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis or schizophrenia. Orthologs in P.troglodytes, G.gorilla, P.pygmaeus and H.moloch. It can make pseudotypes with HIV-1 virions and confer infectivity. Can also induce cellular resistance to spleen necrosis virus in vitro. HERV-W family subgenomic RNAs have been observed. This provirus is intergenic, the closest flanking genes being ODAG and PEX1. The human genome contains a high percentage of proviral-like elements, also called endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that are the genomic traces of ancient infections of the germline by exogenous retr oviruses. Although most of these elements are defective, some have conserved a functional envelope (env) gene, most probably diverted by the host for its benefit.
Suppressing the proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease, such as amyloid-beta (AB) and tau, has been a major focus in Alzheimer's research. Tau protein abnormalities lead to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons, contributing to the disruption of neuronal function and cell death.
TB4 (TB-500 or Thymosin beta 4) (Simulate)
TB-500 may promote blood vessel formation, tissue repair, and cell healing. It can stimulate the migration of endothelial cell, potentially leading to the formation of new blood vessels. TB-500 has the potential to prevent cell damage and promote cell healing in various tissues.
Associated with tumor progression and metastasis in cancer. Contributes to chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases. Can lead to pathological tissue remodeling in chronic cardiovascular conditions.
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) (Inhibit)
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. Active in progenitor and cancer cells. Inactive, or very low activity, in normal somatic cells. TERT activity is tightly regulated. In most somatic cells, telomerase activity is low or absent, leading to gradual telomere shortening and cellular aging. In contrast, many cancer cells reactivate telomerase, allowing them to proliferate indefinitely.TERT is the catalytic subunit of the telomerase enzyme complex. It adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of telomeres, compensating for the loss of DNA sequences that occurs during DNA replication. This function is essential for maintaining chromosomal stability and cellular lifespan. Because of its role in cellular immortality, TERT is a potential target for anti-cancer therapies. Telomerase inhibitors are being explored as possible treatments to limit the growth of cancer cells.
Thrombospondin-1 can inhibit the formation of new blood vessels necessary for tumor growth.
Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) (Simulate)
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme crucial for the production of thyroid hormones. It plays a key role in the process of iodine organification, which is essential for the synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). TPO catalyzes the process of attaching iodine atoms to tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin protein. This is a critical step in the formation of thyroid hormones. Coupling of iodinated tyrosines: TPO is also involved in coupling two iodinated tyrosine molecules together to form T4 and T3. TPO is often targeted by the immune system in autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. When the immune system attacks TPO, it can disrupt the production of thyroid hormones.
TP53, a crucial tumor suppressor gene, is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers. It can activate DNA repair proteins, induce apoptosis, and halt the growth of cells with damaged DNA.
TRPV1 (Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1) (Simulate)
CBD binds to TRPV1 receptors, which are involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation, and body temperature.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) (Inhibit)
A cytokine that plays a key role in inflammation, reducing inflammation in the intestinal tract.
TYB4 (Thymosin Beta-4) (Simulate)
Thymosin Beta-4 (T4 or TYB4) is a peptide that has various therapeutic applications. such as wound healing, tissue repair and accelerated healing. Thymosin Beta-4 has been shown to accelerate the healing of wounds, including skin, corneal, and internal injuries. It promotes cell migration, angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), and collagen deposition, which are crucial for tissue repair. T4 can reduce inflammation at the site of injury, further aiding in the healing process. Thymosin Beta-4 has potential therapeutic applications in repairing heart tissue following myocardial infarction (heart attack). It can enhance the survival and migration of cardiac progenitor cells, thus contributing to heart tissue regeneration. T4 is used in the treatment of corneal injuries and diseases, helping to heal corneal abrasions and reduce scarring. Neurological Protection and Neuroprotective Effects Research suggests that Thymosin Beta-4 may have neuroprotective properties, making it a candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases and injuries to the nervous system. Reduction of Fibrosis T4 can inhibit the formation of scar tissue (fibrosis) in organs such as the liver, lungs, and kidneys, which is beneficial in conditions where excessive fibrosis is a problem. Preliminary studies have indicated that Thymosin Beta-4 might promote hair growth and be useful in treating conditions like alopecia (hair loss).
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor (Inhibit)
Unveiling the Role of SARS-CoV-2 or mRNA Vaccine Spike Protein in Macrophage Activation Syndrome . (MAS) is a very severe condition that can be fatal. Following infection with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination, particularly with mRNA encoding the viral spike protein, many cases of MAS have been reported in published studies. We reiterate our suggestion regarding the importance of the impairment of the RAS in contributing to numerous non-genetic human diseases, including immunological syndromes. Management MAS typically involves high-dose corticosteroids, which can occasionally lead to fatal outcomes. Alternative treatments such as cyclosporin A (CyA), TNFa inhibitors, and IL-1 blockers like anakinra have shown varying degrees of success, with CyA being notably effective in severe or corticosteroid-resistant cases. Additionally, drugs that inhibit the RAS (such as ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, and AT1R antagonists) and blockers of the TLR4 receptor show promise in managing MAS.
USAG-1 Sclerostin domain-containing protein 1 precursor [Homo sapiens] (Inhibit)
Sclerostin is a small protein expressed by the SOST gene in osteocytes, bone cells that respond to mechanical stress applied to the skeleton and appear to play an important role in the regulation of bone remodeling. Inhibiting this protein may regrow teeth.
This protein is structurally and functionally related to dystrophin, a protein involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle fibers. Utrophin plays a compensatory role in the muscle fibers of individuals affected by muscular dystrophy, especially where dystrophin is deficient.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 7 (ELOV7) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:3(n-3) acyl-CoAs and C18:3(n-6)-CoAs. Also active toward C20:4-, C18:0-, C18:1-, C18:2- and C16:0-CoAs, and weakly toward C20:0-CoA. Little or no activity toward C22:0-, C24:0-, or C26:0-CoAs. May participate in the production of saturated and polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that elongates fatty acids with 12, 14 and 16 carbons with higher activity toward C16:0 acyl-CoAs. Catalyzes the synthesis of unsaturated C16 long chain fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, C18:0 and those with low desaturation degree. May participate in the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediator.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. In conditions where the essential linoleic and alpha linoleic fatty acids are lacking it is also involved in the synthesis of Mead acid from oleic acid.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 4 (ELOVL4) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of very long chain saturated (VLC-SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. May play a critical role in early brain and skin development.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 3 (ELOVL3) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoA substrates with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:0 acyl-CoAs. May participate in the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 2 (ELOVL2) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyunsaturated very long chain fatty acid (C20- and C22-PUFA), acting specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C20:4(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Very long chain fatty acid elongase 1 (ELOVL1) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated and monounsaturated acyl-CoA substrates, with the highest activity towards C22:0 acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of both saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. Important for saturated C24:0 and monounsaturated C24:1 sphingolipid synthesis. Indirectly inhibits RPE65 via production of VLCFAs.
Bioregulatory peptide developed to support and stimulate the function of the vascular system. This peptide is part of a larger group of biologically active substances known as bioregulatory peptides, which consist of short sequences of amino acids. Designed specifically to support the vascular system, including the blood vessels and the heart. Research shows that bioregulator Vesugen can improve blood circulation and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Many of these diseases are directly related to obstruction or damage to blood vessels, so supporting the vascular system can lead to significant health benefits. Vesugen works by promoting the regulation and balance of physiological processes in the body by improving the functioning of the vascular system. It can stimulate the production of new vessels (angiogenesis), improve vessel elasticity and reduce the inflammatory process associated with vascular diseases. Like other bioregulatory peptides, Vesugen is well tolerated by the body because it consists of amino acids that are a natural part of our bodies. However, like any medicine, it is recommended that Vesugen be used as directed by a specialist.
VIP acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It plays a role in circadian rhythms, sleep regulation, and cognitive functions. VIP is involved in regulating intestinal motility, secretion of digestive juices, and dilation of blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract. It helps maintain the homeostasis of the digestive system. VIP has anti-inflammatory properties. It inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This makes it a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. VIP acts as a vasodilator, helping to lower blood pressure and increase blood flow. It can be protective in conditions like hypertension. VIP has been shown to have bronchodilatory effects, which can be beneficial in conditions like asthma. In some cases, VIP can promote tumor growth and metastasis by stimulating cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Its role in cancer can vary depending on the type of cancer and the local tumor environment.
Autoantigen, triggers autoimmune response
PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma) (Simulate)
Regulates glucose metabolism, beneficial.
AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase) (Simulate)
Regulates energy balance, beneficial.
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) (Inhibit)
High levels contribute to disease.
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) (Simulate)
Protective against disease.
ApoB (Apolipoprotein B) (Inhibit)
High levels contribute to disease.
CRP (C-Reactive Protein) (Inhibit)
Displays several functions associated with host defense: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling, phagocytosis and complement fixation through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine. Can interact with DNA and histones and may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells.
ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) (Inhibit)
Promotes vasoconstriction, high levels contribute to disease. Displays several functions associated with host defense: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling, phagocytosis and complement fixation through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine. Can interact with DNA and histones and may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells.
Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase, whose only known function is to generate angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma, initiating a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney. Regulates blood pressure, high levels contribute to disease.
Acts directly on vascular smooth muscle as a potent vasoconstrictor, affects cardiac contractility and heart rate through its action on the sympathetic nervous system, and alters renal sodium and water absorption through its ability to stimulate the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete aldosterone. Promotes vasoconstriction, high levels contribute to disease.
Promotes sodium retention, high levels contribute to disease.
BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide) (Simulate)
Hormone that plays a key role in mediating cardio-renal homeostasis, and is involved in vascular remodeling and regulating energy metabolism. High levels indicate disease but also protective.
PSEN1 (Presenilin 1) (Inhibit)
Catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). Mutations contribute to disease.
PSEN2 (Presenilin 2) (Inhibit)
Probable catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). Requires the other members of the gamma-secretase complex to have a protease activity. May play a role in intracellular signaling and gene expression or in linking chromatin to the nuclear membrane. May function in the cytoplasmic partitioning of proteins. The holoprotein functions as a calcium-leak channel that allows the passive movement of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol and is involved in calcium homeostasis. Mutations contribute to disease.
Aggregates form Lewy bodies.
LRRK2 (Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2) (Inhibit)
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which phosphorylates a broad range of proteins involved in multiple processes such as neuronal plasticity, innate immunity, autophagy, and vesicle trafficking.
DJ-1 (Protein deglycase DJ-1) (Simulate)
Multifunctional protein with controversial molecular function which plays an important role in cell protection against oxidative stress and cell death acting as oxidative stress sensor and redox-sensitive chaperone and protease.
PINK1 (PTEN-Induced Kinase 1) (Simulate)
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins such as PRKN and DNM1L, to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components.
gp120 (Envelope glycoprotein 120) (Inhibit)
Enables virus entry into cells.
gp41 (Envelope glycoprotein 41) (Inhibit)
Enables virus entry into cells.
p24 (Capsid protein) (Inhibit)
Structural component of virus.
Rev (Regulator of Viral Expression) (Inhibit)
Regulates viral mRNA export. Escorts unspliced or incompletely spliced viral pre-mRNAs (late transcripts) out of the nucleus of infected cells. These pre-mRNAs carry a recognition sequence called Rev responsive element (RRE) located in the env gene, that is not present in fully spliced viral mRNAs (early transcripts). This function is essential since most viral proteins are translated from unspliced or partially spliced pre-mRNAs which cannot exit the nucleus by the pathway used by fully processed cellular mRNAs. Rev itself is translated from a fully spliced mRNA that readily exits the nucleus. Rev's nuclear localization signal (NLS) binds directly to KPNB1/Importin beta-1 without previous binding to KPNA1/Importin alpha-1.
ESAT-6 (Early Secreted Antigenic Target 6 kDa) (Inhibit)
Virulence factor.
CFP-10 (Culture Filtrate Protein 10 kDa) (Inhibit)
Virulence factor.
CSP (Circumsporozoite Protein) (Inhibit)
Important for liver infection.
MSP1 (Merozoite Surface Protein 1) (Inhibit)
Important for red blood cell invasion.
PfEMP1 (Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1) (Inhibit)
Promising transmission-blocking vaccine candidate: targeting the protein would prevent transmission of the parasite decreasing the malaria burden. Gametocyte surface protein required for male fertility.
AMA1 (Apical Membrane Antigen 1) (Inhibit)
Important for cell invasion.
IL-6 (Interleukin-6) (Inhibit)
Promotes inflammation. IL6 is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Rapid production of IL6 contributes to host defense during infection and tissue injury, but excessive IL6 synthesis is involved in disease pathology. In the innate immune response, is synthesized by myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, upon recognition of pathogens through toll-like receptors (TLRs) at the site of infection or tissue injury (Probable). In the adaptive immune response, is required for the differentiation of B cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Plays a major role in the differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets. Essential factor for the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are required for the induction of germinal-center formation. Required to drive naive CD4+ T cells to the Th17 lineage. Also required for proliferation of myeloma cells and the survival of plasmablast cells
Autoantigen, promotes inflammation.
LDLR (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor) (Simulate)
Removes LDL from blood.
PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase SubtilisinKexin Type 9) (Inhibit)
Degrades LDL receptors.
HMGCR (3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the conversion of (3S)-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids, thus plays a critical role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
PAH (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase) (Simulate)
Deficiency causes disease.
TNFa (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) (Inhibit)
Promotes inflammation.
CRYAA (Alpha-crystallin A chain) (Simulate)
Contributes to the transparency and refractive index of the eye lens. Acts as a molecular chaperone to prevent aggregation of lens proteins, maintaining lens transparency and flexibility.
CRYAB (Alpha-crystallin B chain) (Simulate)
Functions similarly to CRYAA, preventing protein aggregation and maintaining eye lens clarity.
CRYBB1 (Beta-crystallin B1) (Simulate)
Structural protein of the eye lens, essential for maintaining lens transparency and refractive properties.
CRYBB2 (Beta-crystallin B2) (Simulate)
Structural protein of the eye lens, essential for maintaining lens transparency and refractive properties.
CRYGC (Gamma-crystallin C) (Simulate)
Important for maintaining eye lens transparency and preventing cataract formation.
MIP (Major intrinsic protein, also known as Aquaporin-0) (Simulate)
Facilitates water transport in the eye lens, maintaining its transparency and proper hydration.
LOXL1 (Lysyl oxidase homolog 1) (Simulate)
Involved in the formation and maintenance of elastic fibers in the eye lens, contributing to its elasticity and accommodation ability.
Nagalase ( alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase) (Inhibit)
Nagalase is an extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme that is (increased) secreted by cancerous cells in the process of tumor invasion. It also is an intrisic component of the envelope protein of various virions, such as HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes zoster and the influenza virus. Thus, it is also secreted from virus-infected cells.. Ref:1,3,4,10 Nagalase deglycosylates the vitamin D3-binding protein DBP (in humans better known as Gc-protein). Gc-protein is the precursor for the major macrophage-activating factor (MAF). Gc-protein carries one trisaccharide consisting of N-acetylgalactosamine with dibranched galactose and sialic acid termini. By deglycosylation, the (complete) trisaccharide is removed from the Gc-protein. This glycosylated Gc-protein can no longer be converted to MAF. Normally MAF is produced from the Gc-protein by sequential removal of the galactose and sialic acid termini by beta-galactosidase and sialidase, selectively, with N-acetylgalactosamine as the remaining sugar. Macrophage-activation for phagocytosis and antigen presentation is the first step in the immune development cascade. Lost precursor activity leads to immunosuppression.
GCMAF - VTDB_HUMAN Vitamin D-binding protein (Simulate)
Involved in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5 alpha for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation.
Semax is a nootropic neuroprotective peptide. Semax can be used in the research of brain stroke.
Selank (Selanc) acetate is a synthetic peptide derived from tuftsin. Selank acetate has anxiolytic activity, and is a nootropic, neuropsychotropic, antidepressant, and antistress compound.
Pinealon is a 3-amino acid peptide and shows neuroprotective properties. Pinealon prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and suppresses the activation of ERK 1/2. Pinealon stimulates the functional activity of the main cellular elements of brain tissue, reduces the level of spontaneous cell death. Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia.
Humanin, an anti-apoptotic peptide of 24 amino acids, is a Bax inhibitor. Humanin prevents the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria, blocks Bax from the inactive to active conformation. Humanin is a mitochondria-associated peptide with a neuroprotective effect against AD-related neurotoxicity. Humanin also improves overall insulin sensitivity in animal. Humanin is related to aging.
Epitalon is an anti-aging agent and a telomerase activator. Epitalon has an inhibitory effect of the on the development of spontaneous tumors in mice, has geroprotective actions and intranasal administration increases neuronal activity. Epitalon can be used for cancer, old age and Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Hexapeptide-9 is a collagen peptide, with anti-aging activity. Hexapeptide-9 is commonly used as the ingredient in skin care products for improving the appearance of the skin.
Cortagen is a bioregulatory peptide with primary effects in the brain and central nervous system. It has secondary effects on the immune system and in cardiac tissue. Research shows that it is a powerful regulator of the inflammatory response, particularly in the nervous system, helping to restore balance and proper functioning between pro- and anti-oxidative processes. It has been investigated as a potential treatment following ischemic brain injury where it and similar compounds have shown beneficial long-term results. Cortagen stimulates interleukin-2 expression and helps to regulate immune function primarily by reducing autoimmune reactions.
Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide and a macrophage/microglial activator.
Collagen alpha-1(II) chain (Simulate)
Type II collagen is specific for cartilaginous tissues. It is essential for the normal embryonic development of the skeleton, for linear growth and for the ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces.
Type III collagen is a fibrillar collagen and is a major component of our skin and organs. In the body, type III collagen is often found in the same places as type I. Like type I, it is often found in supplements designed to promote healthy skin. Bovine collagen, which is derived from the muscle, bone and skin of cows, is another collagen supplement option that contains mainly type l and lll collagen. These are two of the most abundant types of collagen in the human body.
A connective tissue disorder characterized by loose, hyperextensible skin with decreased resilience and elasticity leading to a premature aged appearance. Face, hands, feet, joints, and torso may be differentially affected. Additional variable clinical features are gastrointestinal diverticula, hernia, and genital prolapse. Rare manifestations are pulmonary artery stenosis, aortic aneurysm, bronchiectasis, and emphysema.These are two of the most abundant types of collagen in the human body.
PEPITEM is a naturally occurring peptide that may inhibit inflammaging in older people. It inhibits T-lymphocyte infiltration. Studies suggest that PEPITEM may be beneficial in conditions like diabetes and arthritis, where excessive inflammation plays a critical role in disease progression. PEPITEM acts by modulating interactions between immune cells and the endothelium, reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells into tissues.
Patients with lupus have an imbalance in a crucial chemical pathway in their bodies, according to a Nature study published on Wednesday. Researchers found that this imbalance produces more disease-causing cells that promote lupus. If this chemical imbalance can be corrected, they believe lupus can be reversed. Current lupus treatments often target symptoms or broadly suppress the immune system, leading to side effects. The researchers believe targeting the specific chemical imbalance identified could more effectively treat lupus without systemic immunosuppression interventions. Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack its own tissues and organs, including the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. There is currently no cure for lupus. The chemical that researchers identified is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). AHR is a key protein involved in the imbalance of immune cells in lupus patients. It regulates the bodys response to environmental pollutants, bacteria, and metabolites. While AHR is present in all cells, it is not always active. Related Stories Researchers found that lupus patients have reduced AHR activity. This reduction leads to an increase in follicular and peripheral T helper cells, which are involved in inflammation and autoimmunity. However, when AHR activity increases, these T-cells are reprogrammed to be T-cells that promote wound healing and barrier protection.' https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07627-2
Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 6 (Simulate)
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoA for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (PubMed:22633490, PubMed:24269233). Plays an important role in fatty acid metabolism in brain and the acyl-CoAs produced may be utilized exclusively for the synthesis of the brain lipid.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (P50416) (Simulate)
Catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group of long-chain fatty acid-CoA conjugates onto carnitine, an essential step for the mitochondrial uptake of long-chain fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation in the mitochondrion. Possesses also a lysine succinyltransferase activity that can regulate enzymatic activity of substrate proteins such as ENO1 and metabolism independent of its classical carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity. Plays an important role in hepatic triglyceride metabolism. Plays also a role in inducible regulatory T-cell (iTreg) differentiation once activated by butyryl-CoA that antagonizes malonyl-CoA-mediated CPT1A repression. Sustains the IFN-I response by recruiting ZDHCC4 to palmitoylate MAVS at the mitochondria leading to MAVS stabilization and activation (PubMed:38016475). Promotes ROS-induced oxidative stress in liver injury via modulation of NFE2L2 and NLRP3-mediated signaling pathways.
Levels of Interleukin-11 increase in the human body as we get older. It contributes to higher levels of inflammation, and the researchers say it flips several biological switches that control the pace of ageing. Old laboratory mice often die from cancer, however, the mice lacking interleukin-11 had far lower levels of the disease. And they showed improved muscle function, were leaner, had healthier fur and scored better on many measures of frailty. Their lifespans increased between 20 - 25%.
Nitric oxide synthase 1 (Simulate)
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. Probably has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such SRR.
Protein-interacting protein 3 Gene BNIP3 (Simulate)
Apoptosis-inducing protein that can overcome BCL2 suppression. May play a role in repartitioning calcium between the two major intracellular calcium stores in association with BCL2. Involved in mitochondrial quality control via its interaction with SPATA18/MIEAP: in response to mitochondrial damage, participates in mitochondrial protein catabolic process (also named MALM) leading to the degradation of damaged proteins inside mitochondria. The physical interaction of SPATA18/MIEAP, BNIP3 and BNIP3L/NIX at the mitochondrial outer membrane regulates the opening of a pore in the mitochondrial double membrane in order to mediate the translocation of lysosomal proteins from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix. Plays an important role in the calprotectin (S100A8/A9)-induced cell death pathway. Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength during aging. It is a degenerative process that brings about a decrease in wellbeing and increased dependency. There have been an increased number of studies indicating that this muscle atrophy is related to chronic inflammation. Dr. Atonnio Zorzano and his lab have discovered that the inflammatory process that causes muscle atrophy is associated with the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in cells. They have also described how the increase in the levels of BNIP3, a protein related to the clearance of damaged mitochondria, is linked to better muscle aging. On the flip side, if BNIP3 levels are low, at advanced ages, more damaged mitochondria accumulate, and this triggers inflammatory processes which can cause muscle atrophy in turn.
Hydroxyproline (Hyp) (Simulate)
Functions: Hydroxyproline is essential for the stability and structure of collagen, a protein that gives strength and elasticity to connective tissue, such as skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments. Hydroxyproline residues in proteins can act as molecular switches, influencing cell signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions. Hydroxyproline has antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. Hydroxyproline is important for skin elasticity and firmness, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Hydroxyproline is involved in bone matrix formation and mineralization, maintaining bone density and strength. 3. Muscle health: Hydroxyproline is essential for muscle growth and repair, particularly after exercise or injury. Hydroxyproline is involved in the production of collagen, which is critical for wound healing and tissue repair.
Histamine N-methyltransferase (Simulate)
Inactivates histamine by N-methylation. Plays an important role in degrading histamine and in regulating the airway response to histamine. May be hepful for inflammation in the brain, allergies ,Meniere's disease, tinnitus and Quincke's edema.
Gastrin stimulates the stomach mucosa to produce and secrete hydrochloric acid and the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes. It also stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases blood circulation and water secretion in the stomach and intestine. May be helpful for gastric hypersecretion and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons.
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (Simulate)
Participates in the induction of key genes involved in the response to hypoxia and in the induction of angiogenesis such as HIF1A. Involved in protecting cells from hypoxia-mediated cell death. Growth factor active in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth. Induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration, inhibits apoptosis and induces permeabilization of blood vessels. Binds to the FLT1/VEGFR1 and KDR/VEGFR2 receptors, heparan sulfate and heparin. Binds to the NRP1/neuropilin-1 receptor. Binding to NRP1 initiates a signaling pathway needed for motor neuron axon guidance and cell body migration, including for the caudal migration of facial motor neurons from rhombomere 4 to rhombomere 6 during embryonic development. Also binds the DEAR/FBXW7-AS1 receptor. Binds to the KDR receptor but does not activate downstream signaling pathways, does not activate angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth.
Collagen alpha-1(I) chain (Simulate)
Type I collagen is a member of group I collagen (fibrillar forming collagen).
Nitric oxide synthase 1 (Inhibit)
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. Probably has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such SRR.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such PTGS2/COX2. As component of the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex involved in the selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' implicated in regulation of the GAIT complex activity and probably multiple targets including ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM. Involved in inflammation, enhances the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL6 and IL8.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such PTGS2/COX2. As component of the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex involved in the selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' implicated in regulation of the GAIT complex activity and probably multiple targets including ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM. Involved in inflammation, enhances the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL6 and IL8.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway (PubMed:1378832). NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway (PubMed:1378832). NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets.
White blood cells called macrophages are thought to play a major role in the development of IBD, releasing chemicals called cytokines that lead to intense inflammation. Inflammation is the bodys normal response to infection, but too much for too long is linked to various serious health conditions. A team from the Francis Crick Institute, working with University College London and Imperial College London, carried out a genetic analysis to try to unravel the cause of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They discovered that a section of genetic code or DNA acts as the macrophages master regulator of inflammation. This boosted a gene called ETS2 and increased the risk of IBD.
Mitochondrial protein responsible for thermogenic respiration, a specialized capacity of brown adipose tissue and beige fat that participates in non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis to temperature and diet variations and more generally to the regulation of energy balance. Functions as a long-chain fatty acid/LCFA and proton symporter, simultaneously transporting one LCFA and one proton through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Involved in thermogenics to assist weight loss.
Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1) (Simulate)
Involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fusion and involved in maintaining mitochondrial health and function. OPA1 is instrumental in the process of mitochondrial fusion, where individual mitochondria merge to form interconnected networks. This fusion process is vital for maintaining mitochondrial integrity, enabling the exchange of mitochondrial content, and ensuring proper mitochondrial function. OPA1 helps in maintaining the proper structure of mitochondrial cristae, the inner membrane folds where critical components of the electron transport chain are located. Proper cristae structure is essential for efficient oxidative phosphorylation and ATP (energy) production. OPA1 has a role in regulating apoptosis (programmed cell death) by influencing the release of cytochrome c, a pro-apoptotic factor, from the mitochondria into the cytosol. OPA1's function in the inner mitochondrial membrane helps to control the permeability of the membrane, thereby affecting the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. By regulating the structure and fusion of mitochondria, OPA1 also contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. This is crucial for the proper functioning of mitochondria and the prevention of mitochondrial diseases. Mutations in the OPA1 gene are primarily associated with autosomal dominant optic atrophy, the most common hereditary optic neuropathy that leads to progressive vision loss. This condition typically begins in early childhood and affects the optic nerves, leading to bilateral visual impairment. Beyond optic atrophy, dysfunctions in OPA1 have been linked to a variety of other neurodegenerative diseases and conditions involving mitochondrial dysfunction, such as Parkinsons disease and certain types of muscle degeneration.
May improve the management of calcium oxalate kidney stones by stimulating the production of enzymes associated with the degradation of oxalates. Reduces oxalates to glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate, which allows them to be eliminated from the body.
May improve the management of calcium oxalate kidney stones by stimulating the production of enzymes associated with the degradation of oxalates in tissues and organs.
May improve the management of calcium oxalate kidney stones by converting oxalates to alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid, which can be eliminated through normal metabolic pathways.
May improve the management of calcium oxalate kidney stones by converting oxalates to alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid, which can be eliminated through normal metabolic pathways. Plays an important role in preventing excessive oxalate buildup in the body, especially in cases of mast cell activation syndrome, lithiasis or histamine intolerance.
Oligopeptide-41 Peptide (Simulate)
Synthetic peptide that suppresses Dickkopf 1 (DKK-1), which itself acts as a WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor. This peptide is also known under the trade name CG-Keramin1. Involved in pathologic processes resulting in pattern baldness. Inhibiting DKK-1, Oligopeptide-41 preserves hair follicles and prevents hair loss. In addition, Oligopeptide-41 boosts hair follicle cell proliferation and migration, while reducing UV-induced follicular cell apoptosis, and strengthening follicles and hair.
Chonluten TriPeptide (Simulate)
Chonluten TriPeptide is a peptide complex containing amino acids that help to normalize the functions of the respiratory system. In a clinical study, the effectiveness of the drug Chonluten Lingval in the complex treatment of patients with impaired lung and bronchial function in acute and chronic respiratory diseases of an infectious and non-infectious origin, as well as for maintaining the function of the respiratory system in elderly and senile people, was established. Indications for use: with chronic respiratory failure; with chronic cardiopulmonary insufficiency; after pneumonia;nnnnn; after prolonged artificial ventilation; in case of respiratory distress syndrome; with pulmonary tuberculosis in remission; after a chest injury; after burns of the upper respiratory tract; after toxic damage to the lungs, including after carbon monoxide poisoning; with intense sports; to maintain the function of the respiratory system in elderly and senile people. Source: https://peptide-shop. com/en/peptide-therapy/chonluten-lingual-peptide-for-the-respiratory-system-in-sublingual-form-detail.
The synthetic dipeptide Vilon is implicated in regeneration of eye retinal cells and brain neurons and promotes cell proliferation and wound healing. Lysylglutamic Acid is the chemocal name for Vilon. Vilon is a potent immunomodulator and anti-aging bioregulator peptide with ample research to back its benefits. There are also high levels of evidence that Vilon may help prevent/reduce the risk of cancer development and progression. Interestingly, research has shown that Vilon appears to provide better anti-aging effects when administered early in life and at consistent, low doses. These findings may help open the door to better anti-aging research and help scientists to better understand how epigenetic regulation plays an important role in longevity. Source: https://www. peptidesciences. com/vilon Considered a bioregulator peptide, Vilon may have the potential to improve the immune system, especially in immunocompromised subjects. Researchers suggest Vilon may activate the interleukin-2 protein in spleen cells, which is critical in maintaining immunity. It may stimulate the body to fight against microbial infection and foreign bodies and prevents harmful autoimmune responses. Vilon has been suggested to activate white blood cells and spleen cells and potentially naturally boost the body to protect against autoimmune ailments. A study was conducted in 2002 with three bioregulatory peptides to study their potential on interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis in spleen cells. According to this study, 'The intensity of interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis in splenocytes depended on the type, concentration, and duration of treatment with the peptides. Vilon and Epithalon were most potent, while Cortagen produced a less pronounced effect on interleukin-2 mRNA synthesis'. Furthermore, Vilon peptides may possibly mitigate autoimmune action by interacting with the thymus gland. The thymus gland is considered responsible for the proliferation of T-helper cells,and wit h the help of the Vilon peptide, this proliferation may be further enhanced. As per N N Sevostianiva et al. , the Vilon peptide is 'considered as a bioactive substance possessing immunomodulator and antiallergic activity. ' The effect of the synthetic peptide bioregulator Vilon on structural and facultative heterochromatin of cultured lymphocytes from old people has been studied. The data obtained indicate that Vilon (a) induces unrolling (deheterochromatinization) of total heterochromatin; (b) activates synthetic processes caused by the reactivation of ribosomal genes as a result of deheterochromatinization of nucleolus organizer regions; (c) releases the genes repressed due to the condensation of euchromatic regions forming facultative heterochromatin; (d) does not induce decondensation of pericentromeric structural heterochromatin. Our results indicate that Vilon causes progressive activation (deheterochromatinization) of the facultative heterochromatin with increased aging.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha (PIK3R1) (Simulate)
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The enzyme comprises a 110 kD catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit of either 85, 55, or 50 kD. This gene encodes the 85 kD regulatory subunit. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase plays an important role in the metabolic actions of insulin, and a mutation in this gene has been associated with insulin resistance. Alternative splicing of this gene results in four transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Necessary for the insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Plays an important role in signaling in response to FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, KITLG/SCF, KIT, PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Likewise, plays a role in ITGB2 signaling.
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 12 (MED12) (Simulate)
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. This subunit may specifically regulate transcription of targets of the Wnt signaling pathway and SHH signaling pathway.
Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) (Simulate)
Involved in the regulation of protein degradation and has been implicated in various cancers, including prostate cancer.
Serine-protein kinase ATM (ATM) (Simulate)
Key protein involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and is critical for maintaining genomic stability. Mutations in the ATM gene are associated with ataxia-telangiectasia, a rare neurodegenerative disorder, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks (DSBs), apoptosis and genotoxic stresses such as ionizing ultraviolet A light (UVA), thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) (Simulate)
Encodes the p110a catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which is involved in various signaling pathways related to cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Mutations in PIK3CA are frequently found in various cancers, including breast, colorectal, and endometrial cancers.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha (FOXA1) (Simulate)
Transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating the expression of genes involved in development, particularly in the liver, lung, and prostate. It is also involved in hormone signaling pathways and has been implicated in various cancers, including breast and prostate cancers.
Contains the following genes: ATM, SPOP, MED12, PIKCA, FOXA1 & TP53.
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Audio for Proteins, Peptides, DNA, RNA and More
